Correct Answer: A. Surveying
Solution:
Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative positions of various points or stations on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances, angles, and taking the details of these points.
Correct Answer: B. Levelling
Solution:
Levelling is a branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of relative heights of different points on, above or below the surface of the earth.
Correct Answer: D. Plane Surveying
Solution:
Plane surveying is used for smaller areas where the Earth's curvature does not significantly affect the results, allowing the survey area to be treated as a flat plane.
Correct Answer: C. Geodetic Surveying
Solution:
Geodetic surveying covers large areas and considers the true spheroidal shape of the Earth to maintain high accuracy.
Correct Answer: C. Cadastral Surveying
Solution:
Cadastral surveys are conducted to establish and re-establish property lines and administrative boundaries. They are primarily associated with land ownership and taxation.
Correct Answer: B. Astronomical Surveying
Solution:
Astronomical surveying uses observations of celestial bodies like the sun and stars to determine absolute latitude, longitude, and azimuths on the Earth's surface.
Correct Answer: B. Geological Survey
Solution:
Geological surveys are performed to determine the structure and composition of the earth's surface and the layers beneath it.
Correct Answer: D. Archaeological Survey
Solution:
Archaeological surveys are conducted to locate and map ancient sites, artifacts, and features to understand past human cultures.
Correct Answer: A. Plan
Solution:
A plan is a large-scale representation showing a small area in detail, while a map is a small-scale representation of a large area.
Correct Answer: D. Sexagesimal system
Solution:
The sexagesimal system, which divides a circle into 360 degrees, each degree into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds, is the standard system for angular measurement in surveying.
Correct Answer: A. Representative Fraction
Solution:
The Representative Fraction (RF) is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground, expressed as a fraction with a numerator of 1.
Correct Answer: C. Shrunk scale
Solution:
The shrunk scale is a corrected scale used for measurements on a drawing that has undergone uniform shrinkage. It is calculated by multiplying the original scale by the shrinkage factor.
Correct Answer: D. Working from whole to part
Solution:
The principle of 'working from the whole to the part' involves establishing a network of high-precision control points first, and then filling in the details. This prevents the accumulation of errors.
Correct Answer: C. Azimuth
Solution:
An azimuth is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line (often the geographic or true north meridian), ranging from 0 to 360 degrees.
Correct Answer: A. Original scale × shrinking factor
Solution:
The shrunk scale is calculated by multiplying the original scale's Representative Fraction (RF) by the shrinkage factor (F), where F = shrunk length / original length.
Correct Answer: A. Sounding
Solution:
In hydrographic surveying, sounding is the process of measuring the depth of a body of water at a specific point.
Correct Answer: A. Intervisibility
Solution:
Intervisibility, meaning that adjacent survey stations are visible to each other, is a crucial consideration for establishing clear lines of sight for measurements.
Correct Answer: D. Measurement of area
Solution:
Sounding is used to determine depths, which are used to calculate water volumes, create navigation charts, and investigate underwater features. Measuring surface area is typically done through other land surveying techniques.
Correct Answer: A. Marine survey
Solution:
A marine survey involves the inspection of vessels to assess their condition, seaworthiness, and compliance with regulations.
Correct Answer: D. All of these
Solution:
Natural errors are caused by environmental factors. Temperature and humidity can affect the length of tapes and atmospheric refraction, while gravity variations can affect levelling.
Correct Answer: D. Taping
Solution:
Of the direct measurement methods, using a calibrated steel tape (taping) or chain (chaining) provides the highest accuracy compared to estimation methods like pacing.
Correct Answer: D. Triangulation
Solution:
Triangulation is a method where distances are calculated using measured angles and at least one known baseline distance, rather than being measured directly.
Correct Answer: B. Plumb bob
Solution:
When measuring horizontal distances on a slope (a method called 'breaking chain'), a plumb bob is used to transfer the point from the elevated end of the tape vertically to the ground mark.
Correct Answer: D. Running survey lines
Solution:
After reconnaissance and marking/fixing stations, the final step is to run the survey lines, which involves measuring the lengths between stations and taking offsets to nearby details.
Correct Answer: B. 5-8 m
Solution:
A sounding pole is a graduated wooden or metal pole used for measuring depths in shallow water. They are typically available in lengths around 5 to 8 meters.
Correct Answer: A. Wooden pegs
Solution:
Wooden pegs are commonly used to mark survey stations in soft ground as they are inexpensive and easy to drive into the soil.
Correct Answer: B. Cadastral
Solution:
Cadastral surveying focuses on establishing and defining land ownership and property boundaries for legal records and taxation.
Correct Answer: D. Plan
Solution:
A plan is a two-dimensional representation viewed from directly above, showing only the horizontal positions of features without indicating their elevations.
Correct Answer: C. Instrumental
Solution:
Instrumental errors are caused by faults in the construction or adjustment of the surveying instruments themselves.
Correct Answer: C. Control Survey
Solution:
A control survey is specifically designed to establish a framework of precise horizontal and vertical positions (control points) that act as a common reference for all subsequent survey work in that area.