Correct Answer: D. 1 cm = 5000 m
Solution:
To compare, convert all to RF:
A. 1 cm = 50 m = 5000 cm => RF = 1/5000
B. RF = 1/50000
C. 4:200000 => 1:50000 => RF = 1/50000
D. 1 cm = 5000 m = 500000 cm => RF = 1/500000
The smallest scale has the largest denominator. 1/500000 is the smallest fraction.
Correct Answer: B. 1 in 250
Solution:
For chaining on rough or hilly terrain, the expected degree of accuracy is lower than on flat ground. A standard achievable accuracy under these conditions is about 1 in 250.
Correct Answer: D. Retrograde Vernier
Solution:
In a retrograde vernier, the vernier scale divisions are slightly larger than the main scale divisions, and the scale is numbered in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to a direct vernier where the vernier divisions are smaller.
Correct Answer: B. diagonal scale
Solution:
A diagonal scale allows for measurements in three dimensions (e.g., meters, decimeters, and centimeters) by using a combination of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines. A plain scale measures two dimensions.
Correct Answer: C. parallel to each other
Solution:
In plane surveying, the Earth's surface is considered a flat plane. Therefore, lines of gravity (represented by plumb bob lines) at different points are assumed to be parallel to each other. In geodetic surveying, they would converge at the Earth's center.
Correct Answer: A. Large water bodies
Solution:
Hydrographic surveying is the branch of surveying that deals with measuring and describing the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes, and rivers, primarily for the purpose of navigation and other marine activities.
Correct Answer: C. one second
Solution:
The sum of angles in a plane triangle is always 180°. For a spherical triangle, the sum is greater than 180°. The difference, known as spherical excess, is approximately one second of arc for every 195 square kilometers of area.
Correct Answer: A. Map A is a large scale map compared to map B.
Solution:
A larger scale has a smaller denominator. Since 1000 is smaller than 5000, the scale 1:1000 is larger than 1:5000. Large-scale maps cover smaller areas but show more detail.
Correct Answer: B. Graphical scale
Solution:
A graphical scale (or bar scale) is a line drawn on the map that is subdivided to show map distances. If the map shrinks or expands, the graphical scale shrinks or expands proportionally. Therefore, measurements made with it remain accurate. Numerical scales like RF or an engineer's scale become incorrect.
Correct Answer: C. greater than 180
Solution:
Due to the curvature of the Earth, a triangle drawn on its surface (a spherical triangle) has angles that sum to more than 180 degrees. The larger the area of the triangle, the greater the sum of its angles will be.
Correct Answer: D. City surveying
Solution:
City surveying is specifically for the planning and construction of infrastructure within urban areas, such as streets, water supply, and sewer systems.
Correct Answer: D. Traverse surveying
Solution:
Traverse surveying is a method that involves measuring both linear and angular measurements, typically using instruments like a theodolite or total station. The other options are classified by purpose.
Correct Answer: C. Military surveying
Solution:
Military surveying is conducted to determine points of strategic military importance for defense and operational planning.
Correct Answer: D. Mine surveying
Solution:
Mine surveying is a specialized branch used for the exploration and management of mineral deposits, both on the surface and underground.
Correct Answer: B. Engineering surveying
Solution:
Engineering surveying involves collecting data for the design, planning, and execution of engineering projects like roads, bridges, and reservoirs.
Correct Answer: A. Topographic surveying
Solution:
Topographic surveys are conducted to map the natural and man-made features of the land, including its elevation and contours, to create a detailed topographic map.
Correct Answer: A. Topographic surveying
Solution:
Surveys can be classified based on the nature of the field: land, marine, or astronomical. Topographic surveying is a type of land survey.
Correct Answer: B. Topographic surveying
Solution:
Topographic surveying is classified based on the purpose of the survey, not the specific instrument used. The others are named after the method or primary instrument.
Correct Answer: B. Hydrographic surveying
Solution:
Hydrographic surveying is the science of measuring and describing features that affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, and related activities.
Correct Answer: D. Measurement with theodolite
Solution:
A theodolite is an instrument for measuring angles. Distances are either measured separately (e.g., with a tape) or calculated indirectly using trigonometry, not measured directly by the theodolite itself (unless it's a total station with an integrated EDM).
Correct Answer: B. Pacing
Solution:
Pacing, or counting steps, is a quick but rough method of estimating distances, making it suitable for preliminary surveys where high accuracy is not required.
Correct Answer: C. Passometer
Solution:
A passometer is a simple device that registers the number of paces taken by the person carrying it.
Correct Answer: B. Pedometer
Solution:
A pedometer is similar to a passometer but is more advanced. It can be set to the user's pace length and will then register the total distance traveled, not just the number of steps.
Correct Answer: A. Odometer
Solution:
An odometer is attached to the wheel of a vehicle or a measuring wheel to record the distance traveled by counting the wheel's revolutions.
Correct Answer: C. Rough ground
Solution:
Maintaining a consistent pace length is very difficult on rough, uneven, or steep terrain, which introduces significant inaccuracies into the measurement.